Cryogenic recovery of tire rubber.

A comprehensive investigation of the cryogenic recovery of tire rubber was conducted with laboratory, pilot plant and industrial equipment. Experiments were conducted with specimens of tire rubber to determine cooling curves for: (1) Scrap tire rubber dipped in liquid nitrogen. (2) Scrap tire rubber cooled by nitrogen vapour. (3) Virgin tire rubber dipped in liquid nitrogen. (4) Different size cubes of tire rubber cooled simultaneously by nitrogen vapour. (5) Tire rubber cooled and then recooled to investigate material degradation. Electron microphotographs of scrap and virgin tire treads were compared in terms of physical characteristics. The used tire rubber specimen appeared to have a granular structure. Air trapped in the interstices hindered the heat transfer process. On the other hand, the virgin tire specimen appeared to be homogeneous. This structure enabled the virgin material to cool at a higher rate. Electron photomicrographs of ambiently and cryogenically ground rubber crumbs were also compared. The ambiently ground rubber displayed more surface area than the cryogenically ground material. This increase was created by the torn edges of the ambiently ground rubber. The faceted surfaces of the cryogenically processed rubber provide smoother surfaces of lower area. Experimental and theoretical data were used to design a small fine-grind system which was proposed for the processing of ${3\over 8}$ inch pellets of tire rubber to a fine size less than 30 mesh. When frozen tire chips are passed through a hammermill, an entanglement of steel and nylon fibre results. Separation of this entanglement by various means was thoroughly investigated. Theoretical and experimental data were applied to the modifications of the industrial-size plant in Cambridge, Ontario. The improvements to the industrial system made it more efficient. A number of recommendations have been made for continuation of this basic investigation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1993 .M271. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 33-04, page: 1278. Adviser: Alex W. Gnyp. Thesis (M.Sc.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1993

A Real-Time Service-Oriented Architecture for Industrial Automation

Industrial automation platforms are experiencing a paradigm shift. New technologies are making their way in the area, including embedded real-time systems, standard local area networks like Ethernet, Wi-Fi and ZigBee, IP-based communication protocols, standard service oriented architectures (SOAs) and Web services. An automation system will be composed of flexible autonomous components with plug & play functionality, self configuration and diagnostics, and autonomic local control that communicate through standard networking technologies. However, the introduction of these new technologies raises important problems that need to be properly solved, one of these being the need to support real-time and quality-of-service (QoS) for real-time applications. This paper describes a SOA enhanced with real-time capabilities for industrial automation. The proposed architecture allows for negotiation of the QoS requested by clients from Web services, and provides temporal encapsulation of individual activities. This way, it is possible to perform an a priori analysis of the temporal behavior of each service, and to avoid unwanted interference among them. After describing the architecture, experimental results gathered on a real implementation of the framework (which leverages a soft real-time scheduler for the Linux kernel) are presented, showing the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The experiments were performed on simple case studies designed in the context of industrial automation applications

Multi-messenger searches via IceCube’s high-energy neutrinos and gravitational-wave detections of LIGO/Virgo

We summarize initial results for high-energy neutrino counterpart searches coinciding with gravitational-wave events in LIGO/Virgo\u27s GWTC-2 catalog using IceCube\u27s neutrino triggers. We did not find any statistically significant high-energy neutrino counterpart and derived upper limits on the time-integrated neutrino emission on Earth as well as the isotropic equivalent energy emitted in high-energy neutrinos for each event

In-situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory instruments about 1 km3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole using 5160 photomultipliers to detect Cherenkov light emitted by charged relativistic particles. A unexpected light propagation effect observed by the experiment is an anisotropic attenuation, which is aligned with the local flow direction of the ice. Birefringent light propagation has been examined as a possible explanation for this effect. The predictions of a first-principles birefringence model developed for this purpose, in particular curved light trajectories resulting from asymmetric diffusion, provide a qualitatively good match to the main features of the data. This in turn allows us to deduce ice crystal properties. Since the wavelength of the detected light is short compared to the crystal size, these crystal properties do not only include the crystal orientation fabric, but also the average crystal size and shape, as a function of depth. By adding small empirical corrections to this first-principles model, a quantitatively accurate description of the optical properties of the IceCube glacial ice is obtained. In this paper, we present the experimental signature of ice optical anisotropy observed in IceCube LED calibration data, the theory and parametrization of the birefringence effect, the fitting procedures of these parameterizations to experimental data as well as the inferred crystal properties.</p